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The Bradley Effect is dead! Long live the Obama Effect!
Or at least that's the cri de coeur coming from conservative circles as the 2008 presidential race enters its final sprint. Writing this morning for Salon and the Weekly Standard,
a pair of political consultants--Bill Greener (a Republican) and Arnon
A. Mishkin--seize on the same statistical argument to explain how John
McCain, who trails Barack Obama by 7.3 percent in the latest RealClear Politics national polling average,
could still win the White House eight days from now. Neither operative
claims that pre-election polls are overstating the black candidate's
support--perhaps because research has shown pretty convincingly that the Bradley Effect no longer exists
(if it ever did). Instead, both posit the existence of an Obama Effect.
According to this theory, most undecideds are actually decided--for
McCain. Which means, in turn, that the Republican nominee will benefit
from a big boost on Nov. 4.
Greener and Mishkin advance different explanations for their
hypothesis. Mishkin attributes it to "social acceptability." Given
Obama's overwhelming momentum, he writes, "it seems likely that if
voters are not ready to tell a pollster that they are with Obama, they
are unlikely to get there... Where there is a perception that there is
a 'socially acceptable' choice, respondents who do not articulate it
are likely not to agree with it." Greener, meanwhile, is more blunt.
"If you're a black candidate running against a white candidate, what
you see is what you get," he writes. "And it doesn't matter whether
you're an incumbent or a challenger. If you're not polling above 50
percent, you should be worried."
So should Obama be worried?
I'd say no. As always, the standard caveat applies: anything can
happen between now and Nov. 4. But there are a few problems with the
Greener/Mishkin theory--at least as an explanation of why McCain might
still win (a claim, it should be noted, that only Greener makes).
First of all, Greener's argument that undecideds break overwhelmingly
against black candidates on Election Day doesn't really hold water. As
evidence, he points to four races from 2006--the Tennessee and Maryland
senate races and the Massachusetts and Ohio governor's races--then
compares the pre-election polls to the final results. In each case, he
says, the black candidate's support held steady while the white
candidate's support shot up. Unfortunately, Greener chooses to
cherry-pick surveys that support his thesis instead of using the more
comprehensive RCP averages as the basis of his comparison. As a result,
his conclusion is misleading.
Tennessee--where black Democrat Harold Ford was up against white Republican Bob Corker for Republican Bill Frist's old U.S. Senate seat--is a good example. "The
day before the election, [Ford] was within a point of Corker, 47 to 48
with 5 percent undecided, according to OnPoint Polling," writes
Greener. "On Nov. 7, Corker got 50.7 percent of the vote, Ford got 48
and an assortment of independents took 1.3 percent." But OnPoint was
the only pollster to show a one-point margin; the RCP average, in fact,
put Corker ahead by six,
50.3 percent to 44.3 percent. On Election Day, Ford earned 48 percent
of the vote to Corker's 50.7 percent--meaning that it was Ford whose
support shot up the most (by 3.7 points, compared to 0.4 points for
Corker). In other words, more undecideds broke for the black guy than
white guy. Likewise, Ed Rendell (a white Democrat) beat Lynn Swann (a
black Republican) by a slightly smaller margin in Pennsylvania (10.8
percent) than the polls predicted (11.8 percent). But Greener simply
ignores the Rendell-Swann race.
The rest of Greener's examples aren't quite as misleading. In
Massachusetts, Deval Patrick (a black Democrat) gained less than two
points on Election Day; his white challenger (Kerry Healy) gained
nearly six. In Maryland, Michael Steele (a black Republican) lost
nearly a point at the ballot box; opponent Ben Cardin (a white
Democrat) gained more than five. And a similar (if slightly smaller)
pattern cropped up in the Ohio gubernatorial race between Ted
Strickland (white Democrat) and Ken Blackwell (black Republican). That
said, these differences aren't statistically significant (as Nate
Silver, who beat me to the punch by a few hours, has pointed out).
On average, black candidates gained 1.6 percentage points on Election
Day; white candidates gained 3.6 percent. With mixed results (see:
Tennessee and Pennsylvania) and a dearth of data points, it's pretty
hard to conclude that an Obama Effect will inevitably "rear its head"
in the general election--let alone influence the outcome. What's more,
two of the three white candidates who overperformed on Election Day
2006 were Democrats as well--and
in 2006, a disastrous year for the GOP, "Democratic candidates
overperformed their polls in a significant majority of competitive
races around the country," as Silver
notes. That leaves Greener with only one applicable case study--Patrick
versus Healy. Not exactly a solid foundation for a grand theory of
voter behavior.
Which brings up to the second problem with the Obama Effect. Not
only does history disprove the notion that with black candidates (or
"socially acceptable" candidates), "what you see is [always] what you
get"--it proves that, for Obama, the reverse is true. As Silver showed back in August, the Illinois senator actually outperformed the polls by an average of 3.3 percentage points over the course of the entire primary season.
In the West, he did 1.1 percent better than pollsters predicted (on
average). In the Midwest, he surpassed the surveys by 3.1 percent. And
in the South, he exceeded expectations by a whopping 7.2 percent. The
only region where Obama underperformed, in fact, was the Northeast
(where he can most afford to lose a little support); there, he finished
about two points below the pre-primary trendline. As I recently reported, this leap is probably the result of pollsters underestimating
the turnout of Obama's young and black supporters, who are voting in
higher numbers this year than ever before. Ultimately, McCain may very
well clobber Obama among late breakers, as Hillary Clinton did during
the primaries. But if past is prelude, the boost that Obama receives
from "expanding the electorate" will be at least as large as his
opponent's gains among undecideds.
The final issue with the Greener/Mishkin theory is the most
devastating. Both consultants argue that "as the election winds down,
one should look less at the difference between Obama and McCain, and
more at the actual number that Obama is getting in the polls"--largely
because of McCain's assumed advantage among undecideds. And that,
according to Greener, is why Obama should be worried: "[he] needs to be
polling consistently above 50 percent to win. And in crucial
battleground states, he isn't." The only problem? Obama may not be
polling consistently above 50 percent in some "crucial battleground
states"--but he's polling consistently above 50 percent in enough of
them to win. Presumably, Greener is cherry-picking his polls again.
According to the RCP swing-state averages,
Obama leads by more than eight points and pulls down more than 50
percent support in every John Kerry state as well as the Bush states of
Iowa and New Mexico, bringing his electoral vote count to 263. In
addition, Obama's beating McCain 51.7 to 44.5 in Virginia and 51.3 to
44.8 in Colorado. That puts the Democrat at 286 electoral votes--and
again, that's if we're only counting states he's polling above 50
percent. In other words, McCain could sway every single undecided
voter--i.e., Greener and Mishkin could be completely, 100-percent
correct--and Obama would still win the election by 224 electoral votes,
at least according to the latest polls.
The bottom line is that even if the Obama Effect did exist--which is
probably doesn't--it wouldn't be enough to propel McCain to the White
House. To do that, the Republican needs to start convincing Obama's
supporters to jump ship. And he's running out of time.